Celebrate the anniversary of Tibet’s liberation!
March 2009 sees the fiftieth anniversary of the
triumph of the socialist revolution in China’s Tibet province. The decisive
rout of the serf-owners revolt in March 1959 drew a line under centuries of
feudal backwardness and decades of imperialist manipulation, most notably by Britain. By giving their support to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and their battle to
unify all the peoples of China under the common banner of socialism, the
Tibetan masses broke with a whole epoch of subservience to slavery and serfdom.
When we consider that this year will also mark the
sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) itself, we need to account for the apparent delay of nearly ten years in the
progress of the Chinese revolution. To understand this, we need to recognise
both the depth of the oppression suffered by the Tibetan masses and the
strenuous efforts made by foreign powers to preserve this feudal backwardness
and turn it to their own advantage.
England herself had seen the back of serfdom proper
by the fourteenth century, as early bourgeois development began to undermine
the feudal foundations. However, twentieth century British imperialism proved
more than happy that Tibet should remain steeped in that feudal backwardness
from which bourgeois society had long since escaped, hoping thereby to render
them easy targets for annexation. So it was that modern, “enlightened”
bourgeois democracy embraced as brothers the warlords, serf-owners, tyrant
priests and torturers of feudal Tibet.
British imperialism strained every muscle to wrest
this province from China and make it part of “British” India, “rescuing” it from the democratic progress being fought for by the Chinese masses.
In 1912 Britain tried to make recognition of the new republic, founded in 1911
under the progressive leadership of Sun Yat Sen, conditional upon Tibet’s
exclusion from unified Chinese administration, and in 1914 a suitably groomed
Tibetan puppet of imperialism was bullied and cajoled into signing off the
so-called “McMahon line”, carving off 90,000 square kilometres of south-eastern
Tibet to the British Raj.
A key focus of Britain’s meddling was the old
Tibetan army. Despite its feudal backwardness – serfs led by aristocrats and
priests on the basis of blind obedience – the army had put up some brave
resistance when Britain invaded in 1904, until Britain’s superior firepower won
the day. In the ensuing years, however, whilst the rest of China was plunged
into the struggle against Japanese imperialism and the class struggle against
the comprador and warlord forces, the Tibetan army was being systematically
corrupted into little more than a fifth column of Britain’s Indian army. The
Tibetan army was supplied with British rifles, machine guns and ammunition, it
was drilled using English commands, and its soldiers were posted to India for training. The purpose of all this was to break Tibet from China (of which the province had formed an integral part since the thirteenth century) and
to convert Tibetan serfs into British cannon fodder.
The real role of this supposedly “Tibetan” army
became abundantly clear when the victorious forces of the PLA advanced in the
direction of Tibet, taking Qamdo. In his book “Tibet Transformed” (New
World Press, 1983) to which this article is indebted for much of its
information, Israel Epstein notes that the army “was serving the interests
both of Tibetan feudalism and of imperialism.” He continues: “Its arms
were British, its radio communications were in the hands of British nationals,
who did more than tap keys. One of them, Robert Ford, later wrote that he also
provided such ‘advice’ as ‘put some Bren guns in the hills and dynamite the
bridges’”. Another such British “adviser”, styling himself the “Foreign
Minister of Independent Tibet”, urged the army to make a proper of resistance, the better to “mobilise world
opinion” so that “the Americans will feel that they ought to give
immediate and substantial military aid, possibly by air” (Epstein, p.214).
The PLA easily repelled the demoralised serf army
in October 1950. However sooner than advance straight away to liberate Lhasa, the patriot army bided its time, remaining in Qamdo until the following summer.
Whilst there the PLA fought an even more significant battle than the taking of
Qamdo: the struggle to demonstrate in practice how an army of liberated serfs
defending the new China differed from an army of oppressed serfs driven to
defend the interests of warlords and imperialists.
A revealing eyewitness to this political struggle
was no less than the bloodthirsty Robert Ford already referred to – an unlikely
enough apologist for the revolution! Ford wrote that the PLA “made it clear
that they had no quarrel with the Tibetan religion. Nor with the Tibetan
people, who were treated correctly. In spite of the tremendous supply problem
the Chinese army did not live off the country… And the soldiers had strict
orders to respect both the persons and property of civilians and make friends
with them by all possible means” (Epstein, pp. 214-5). He went on to admit
that, whereas captured PLA men had earlier faced slaughter at the hands of
their captors, the troops of the vanquished Tibetan army were simply lined up,
given safe conduct passes and told to go back to Lhasa.
Only after negotiations with the Dalai Lama had
borne fruit in the May 1951 agreement on measures for the peaceful liberation
of Tibet did the PLA advance on Lhasa. Again, the most difficult battle the
volunteers of the PLA had to fight was the battle against the reactionary
influence of serf-owners, tyrant priests and imperialists. Epstein quotes one
such volunteer. “Every item and service bought from the people was paid
for. But some aristocrats tried a boycott. They threatened to punish the
serfs who sold us things, or did anything for us. Also, they told lies about
us, which many at first believed. We made allowances for this. These people
had seen nothing but oppressors. They had to convince themselves that we were
different through new experience. So we let our actions speak, carrying water
for them and helping repair houses which were falling apart. As a result they
began to invite us to stay in their homes, and it was only then we did so,
paying rent even when they didn’t want to accept it. We were drilled never to
transgress their customs and feelings. We never fished in the streams even when
hungry. We never entered a temple…” (Epstein, pp. 193-4). Through such
instructive encounters with the PLA, repeated thousands of times, the Tibetan
masses came to understand who were their friends and who their enemies.
The PLA meanwhile were building roads, to end Tibet’s isolation. “In 1953-54 we were building the Sichuan-Tibet Highway. It was
harder than a military campaign. What gave us energy was that we understood
that we were laying a road that would protect this country, and link its
peoples. How could a better life come to Tibet on the backs of pack-ponies or
yaks?” How proud this comrade would be to see the railroad that now
connects Lhasa with the rest of the multinational Chinese homeland!
Not all comrades agreed with the temporary
compromises which had to be made with the aristocrats and tyrant priests, who
still tried to lord it over the people during this transition period,
flagrantly breaching many of the terms of the agreement that had been signed by
the Dalai Lama. Epstein’s eyewitness account neatly sums up the contradictory
character of this period. At a mass meeting in 1955 to celebrate the sixth
anniversary of the founding of the PRC – held in front of the Dalai Lama’s
Potala Palace, and with the Dalai Lama’s portrait prominently displayed
alongside Chairman Mao’s – the reviewing stand was occupied both by comrades
representing the central government in Beijing and by continuing stalwarts of
the feudal power, attired in gold brocade. “While crimson banners fluttered
overhead the old Lhasa police, still unreorganised, loped through the throng,
their rifles left behind for the day but their whips slowly swinging.”
(Epstein, p.30).
But to those comrades who questioned the slow pace
of Tibetan reform, Mao gave a clear reply. Since the feudal forces are
unwilling to live up to the agreement they have signed up to, “well then, we
can leave it for the time being and wait. The longer we delay, the stronger
will be our position and the weaker theirs. Delay will not do us much harm; on
the contrary, it may be to our advantage. Let them go on with their insensate
atrocities against the people, while we on our part concentrate on good deeds –
production, trade, road-building, medical service and united front work (unity
with the majority and patient education) so as to win over the masses and bide
our time before taking up the question of the full implementation of the
Agreement”. (“On the Policies for Our Work in Tibet”, 1952)
A further prediction was completely borne out by
events seven years later: “If the reactionaries of Tibet should dare to launch a general rebellion, then the working people there will win
liberation all the faster. This is beyond doubt”. (Ibid) And so it
proved to be. The abortive coup launched by the Tibetan army in 1959 was a
short-lived and ignominious failure, eliciting no popular sympathy and
concluding with the Dalai Lama’s flight across the border.
Nor were subsequent efforts by US imperialism to pick up where Britain left off blessed with any greater success. The CIA
operative who was later to earn notoriety as the architect of the failed Bay of
Pigs invasion of Cuba, Richard Bissell, provided training for 170 saboteurs at Fort Hale in Colorado in the late fifties. But as fast as they were parachuted in – keeping
well away from PLA garrisons – the faster they vanished into thin air, having
found out the hard way where the true sympathies of the Tibetan masses now
lay. Only about 10% survived to tell the tale. Other Fort Hale graduates were posted to a base in Nepal with a view to organising remnants of the feudal
army. Yet despite lavish CIA funding disbursed by the Dalai Lama’s own
brother, nothing was ever achieved beyond a few shallow border incursions. The
battle for hearts and minds waged for so long by the PLA had well and truly
paid off.
The disgraceful role played by imperialism last
year in Lhasa, inciting deadly mob violence against Han, Muslim and Tibetan
citizens alike, is sufficient reminder of the secessionist games some would
still like to play in the name of “Free Tibet”, unwittingly assisted by those
in the West who fall for the propaganda.
Yet Tibet is indeed free right now – free from the
scourge of poverty, warlordism and imperialist diktat – and plans to stay that
way. The vigorous rebuff last year’s provocation received reminds the world
yet again that “imperialism lifts up a rock only to drop it on its own feet”.
We are proud to congratulate the
Chinese people and the Chinese Communist Party on the occasion of the fiftieth
anniversary of free Tibet!